Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4, the term first applied in the Quran to unbelieving Meccans, who endeavoured "to refute and revile the Prophet". The most fundamental sense of kufr in the Quran is "ingratitude", the willful refusal to acknowledge or appreciate the benefits that God bestows on humankind, including clear signs and revealed scriptures. According to Al-Damiri (1341–1405) it is neither denying God, nor the act of disobedience alone, but Iblis' attitude (claiming that God's command is unjust), which makes him a kafir.
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Whereby it is not necessary to deny the existence of God, but it suffices to deviate from his will as seen in a dialogue between God and Iblis, the latter called a kafir. In the Quranic discourse, the term typifies all things that are unacceptable and offensive to God. The meaning of "disbelief", which has come to be regarded as primary, retains all of these connotations in the Quranic usage. īy extension of the basic meaning of the root, "to cover", the term is used in the Quran in the senses of ignore/fail to acknowledge and to spurn/be ungrateful. Kafir, and its plural kuffaar, is used directly 134 times in Quran, its verbal noun " kufr" is used 37 times, and the verbal cognates of kafir are used about 250 times. The distinction between those who believe in Islam and those who do not is an essential one in the Quran.
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So a mushrik may worship other things while also "acknowledging God". According to Salafist scholars, Kufr is the "denial of the Truth" (truth in the form of articles of faith in Islam), and shirk means devoting "acts of worship to anything beside God" or "the worship of idols and other created beings". Kufr (unbelief) and shirk (idolatry) are used throughout the Quran and sometimes used interchangeably by Muslims. The practice of declaring another Muslim as a kafir is takfir. The noun for disbelief, "blasphemy", "impiety" rather than the person who disbelieves, is kufr. Poets personify the darkness of night as kâfir, perhaps as a survival of pre-Islamic religious or mythological usage. Ideologically, it implies a person who hides or covers the truth. Since farmers cover the seeds with soil while planting, the word kāfir implies a person who hides or covers. One of its applications in the Quran has also the same meaning as farmer.
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As a pre-Islamic term it described farmers burying seeds in the ground. The word kāfir is the active participle of the verb كَفَرَ kafara, from root ك-ف-ر K-F-R. A person who denies the existence of a creator might be called a dahri. Jews and Christians were required to pay the jizyah while pagans were required to either accept Islam or die. : 470 Dhimmi were exempt from certain duties assigned specifically to Muslims if they paid the poll tax ( jizya) but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract, and obligation. Dhimmi or Mu'ahid is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection. The act of declaring another self-professed Muslim a kafir is known as takfir, a practice that has been condemned but also employed in theological and political polemics over the centuries. In modern times, kafir is sometimes applied towards self-professed Muslims particularly by members of Islamist movements. The Quran distinguishes between mushrikun and People of the Book, reserving the former term for idol worshipers, although some classical commentators considered Christian doctrine to be a form of shirk. (Other, sometimes overlapping Quranic terms for wrong doers are ẓallām (villain, oppressor) and fāsiq (sinner, fornicator).) Historically, while Islamic scholars agreed that a polytheist/ mushrik is a kafir, they sometimes disagreed on the propriety of applying the term to Muslims who committed a grave sin or to the People of the Book. Kafir is sometimes used interchangeably with mushrik ( مشرك, those who practice polytheism), another type of religious wrongdoer mentioned frequently in the Quran and other Islamic works. Kufr means unbelief, "to be thankless", "to be faithless", or "ingratitude". The term is used in different ways in the Quran, with the most fundamental sense being "ungrateful" (toward God). The term is often translated as " infidel", " pagan", "rejector", " denier", "disbeliever", "unbeliever", "nonbeliever". Kafir ( Arabic: كافر kāfir plural كَافِرُونَ kāfirūna, كفّار kuffār or كَفَرَة kafarah feminine كافرة kāfirah feminine plural كافرات kāfirāt or كوافر kawāfir) is an Arabic term which, in the Islamic tradition, refers to a person who disbelieves in God as per Islam, or denies his authority, or rejects the tenets of Islam.